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鈦陽(yang)極上的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)氧化物涂層(ceng)的(de)作用是(shi)什(shen)么？

發布時間：2024-03-19 14:58:08 丨 瀏覽次數：

　　鈦(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)就是(shi)鈦(tai)基金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物涂層(ceng)(ceng)中的(de)(de)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)。根據其表面催(cui)化(hua)(hua)涂層(ceng)(ceng)不(bu)同分(fen)別具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)功能(neng)(neng)、析(xi)(xi)氯功能(neng)(neng)。一般(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材(cai)料要具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，極(ji)(ji)距(ju)變化(hua)(hua)小，耐腐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強，機械強度和加工性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)好(hao)(hao)，壽命長(chang)(chang)，費(fei)用低，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)反應具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，目(mu)前鈦(tai)是(shi)Z能(neng)(neng)滿足以上綜合要求的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)，一般(ban)采用工業純鈦(tai)TA1\TA2 鈦(tai)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)上的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物涂層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)作用是(shi)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率低，具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(鈦(tai)本身導電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)不(bu)好(hao)(hao))，貴金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)涂層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)學組成穩定，晶體(ti)結構穩定，電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)尺寸穩定，耐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)，壽命長(chang)(chang)，具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)良好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，有(you)(you)利于(yu)降低析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)、析(xi)(xi)氯反應的(de)(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)位，節約電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。

　　1、鈦陽(yang)極(ji)工作(zuo)壽命長，隔(ge)膜法生產氯(lv)堿(jian)工業中，金(jin)屬陽(yang)極(ji)耐(nai)氯(lv)和堿(jian)的腐蝕，陽(yang)極(ji)壽命己達(da)6年以上，而石(shi)墨陽(yang)極(ji)僅為(wei)8個月(yue)。

　　2、可(ke)克服石墨陽極和鉛陽極溶(rong)解問(wen)題，避免對電解液(ye)和陰極產(chan)(chan)物的污染，因(yin)而可(ke)提(ti)高金屬(shu)產(chan)(chan)品純度(du)。

　　3、可(ke)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)流密(mi)度。隔膜(mo)法生(sheng)(sheng)產氯堿中，石(shi)墨陽(yang)(yang)極的工作電(dian)流密(mi)度為8A/dm2，鈦陽(yang)(yang)極可(ke)成倍(bei)地增加(jia)，達17A/dm2，這樣在(zai)電(dian)解廠房(fang)、電(dian)解槽(cao)相同的條件下，產量可(ke)增加(jia)1倍(bei)，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了單槽(cao)生(sheng)(sheng)產能力，有(you)效地提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了勞動生(sheng)(sheng)產效率。在(zai)高(gao)(gao)工作電(dian)流密(mi)度下進行(xing)電(dian)解時，使用鈦陽(yang)(yang)極比較適宜。

　　4、由于采用了(le)金(jin)屬陽極，氯酸鹽電(dian)解(jie)槽的(de)(de)高溫(wen)、高電(dian)流密度操作成(cheng)為可能(neng)(neng)。金(jin)屬陽極的(de)(de)采用使電(dian)解(jie)槽構造得(de)以改善(shan)，降低了(le)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)消耗，加(jia)快了(le)次氯酸鹽生氣(qi)氯酸鹽的(de)(de)化學反應，從而提高了(le)生產性能(neng)(neng)。

　　5、采用了DSA，水銀法及隔膜法食鹽電(dian)解槽的(de)設計概念(nian)和(he)操作條件(jian)得(de)以(yi)改進，能耗(hao)得(de)以(yi)降低(di)。DSA低(di)的(de)過電(dian)位特性，電(dian)極間(jian)表(biao)面及電(dian)極的(de)氣泡容(rong)易排除，是金屬陽(yang)極電(dian)解槽槽電(dian)壓降低(di)的(de)重要(yao)原(yuan)因。 由于鈦陽(yang)極 具有很(hen)多優點，它的(de)開發使(shi)氯堿(jian)工業取得(de)很(hen)大經(jing)濟效益，因此很(hen)快(kuai)便在世(shi)界(jie)各地推廣使(shi)用。氯堿(jian)生產能力，全世(shi)界(jie)約4100萬噸/年，采用鈦陽(yang)極不小(xiao)于70%，鈦陽(yang)極被(bei)譽為氯堿(jian)工業一項重大技(ji)術。隨(sui)后，鈦陽(yang)極在許多電(dian)解工業中也得(de)到很(hen)大的(de)推廣應用。

　　6、陽極(ji)尺寸穩定，電(dian)(dian)解過程中電(dian)(dian)極(ji)間(jian)距離不(bu)變(bian)化，可保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)解操(cao)作在槽電(dian)(dian)壓穩定情況下進行。

　　7、可避免鉛(qian)陽極變形后的短路問題，因(yin)而可提高電(dian)流效率(lv)。

　　8、鈦陽(yang)極重量輕(qing)，可減(jian)輕(qing)勞動強度(du)。

　　9、開關(guan)制作容易，可(ke)高精度(du)化。

　　10、工作(zuo)電(dian)壓(ya)低(di)，因此電(dian)能消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)小，可(ke)節省電(dian)能消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)，直流電(dian)耗(hao)(hao)可(ke)降低(di)10%～20%。鈦陽極(ji)工作(zuo)電(dian)壓(ya)低(di)的主要原因：

　　1)活(huo)性涂層鈦陽(yang)極對氯和氧的過(guo)電位(wei)均比較低(di)(di)。鹽水電解生產氯堿時，鈦陽(yang)極對氯過(guo)電位(wei)低(di)(di)，在1A/cm2時比石墨(mo)陽(yang)極低(di)(di)140mV;

　　2)可降(jiang)低“氣泡(pao)屏蔽效應”，金屬陽極表面生成的氣泡(pao)比較(jiao)細小，且脫離迅速，這(zhe)樣電極間充(chong)氣度大為(wei)降(jiang)低，兩極間歐姆降(jiang)大約(yue)為(wei)700mV，氣泡(pao)直(zhi)徑(jing)約(yue)為(wei)3mm;

　　3)降低了陽極(ji)結構(gou)的電阻;

　　4)縮短了極間距離。 20世(shi)紀60年(nian)代(dai)，全世(shi)界食鹽電解(jie)工(gong)業年(nian)耗電量約(yue)1500億(yi)度(du)，使用金屬(shu)陽極后，每年(nian)可(ke)節約(yue)電能約(yue)3億(yi)度(du)。

　　11、氯堿(jian)生產中(zhong)，使用鈦陽(yang)極后(hou)，產品質量高，純度高，不含CO2,堿(jian)濃(nong)度高，可節省加熱(re)用蒸汽，節省能源消(xiao)耗。

　　12、耐腐蝕性強(qiang)，可(ke)在許多(duo)腐蝕性強(qiang)，有(you)特殊要(yao)求的電解介(jie)質中工作。

　　13、基(ji)體金(jin)屬鈦(tai)可多次反(fan)復(fu)使用(yong)。

　　14、金屬(shu)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)出現，使用(yong)(yong)(yong)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)堿工(gong)業中近期(qi)涌現出的(de)(de)(de)Z新離子膜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)技術得以設計和實現工(gong)業化(hua)(hua)。   可溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和不溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 可溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中起補充金屬(shu)離子和導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，不溶(rong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)只起導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。Z早的(de)(de)(de)不溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是石(shi)墨(mo)和鉛(qian)系陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上世紀70年(nian)代鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)作為(wei)新技術開始應用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)行業。目前不溶(rong)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可分為(wei)兩(liang)大(da)類：析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于氯(lv)(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液體系，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)過(guo)程中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)釋(shi)放(fang)出來，因此稱為(wei)析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji);析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于硫酸鹽(yan)(yan)、硝酸鹽(yan)(yan)、氫(qing)氰酸鹽(yan)(yan)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液體系，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)過(guo)程中陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)氧(yang)(yang)氣釋(shi)放(fang)出來，因此稱為(wei)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。鉛(qian)合金陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)根據其表面(mian)催化(hua)(hua)涂層(ceng)不同分別具有(you)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)、析(xi)氯(lv)(lv)(lv)功能或(huo)二者功效兼有(you)。

　　氯(lv)堿工(gong)業(ye)用鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 與石(shi)墨(mo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)相比，隔膜法生產(chan)燒堿，石(shi)墨(mo)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)的工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為8A/DM2涂(tu)層陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)可成倍(bei)增(zeng)加，達17A/DM2。這樣在(zai)同樣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)環境下產(chan)品可成倍(bei)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，而且所生產(chan)品的質量(liang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，*屏蔽的關鍵字*純度高(gao)(gao)(gao)。   電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)用鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)用不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)溶性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)是(shi)在(zai)鈦(tai)基體 (網狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、帶狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)等)上涂(tu)覆具(ju)(ju)有(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)能的貴金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)涂(tu)層，涂(tu)層中含有(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)的閥金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)。新型(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)溶性(xing)鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji) 具(ju)(ju)有(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)能，析氧過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位比鉛合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)溶性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)低約(yue)(yue)0.5 V，節能顯著,穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)高(gao)(gao)(gao),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)污染(ran)鍍(du)液,重量(liang)輕，易于(yu)(yu)更換。 新型(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)溶性(xing)鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)的析氧過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位也比鍍(du)鉑不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)溶性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)低，但是(shi)壽命(ming)卻提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)1倍(bei)以上。廣(guang)泛(fan)(fan)用于(yu)(yu)各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)中作(zuo)為陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)或者(zhe)輔助陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)使用，可以替代常規(gui)的鉛基合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji),在(zai)相同的條件下,可以降(jiang)低槽電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，節約(yue)(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能消耗;不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)溶性(xing)鈦(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)過(guo)程中具(ju)(ju)有(you)良好的穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue))，使用壽命(ming)長。此(ci)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛(fan)(fan)用于(yu)(yu)鍍(du)鎳鍍(du)金(jin)(jin)(jin)、鍍(du)鉻、鍍(du)鋅、鍍(du)銅等電(dian)(dian)(dian)鍍(du)有(you)色金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬行業(ye).

　　鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)及(ji)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)(jin)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji) 鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)(jin)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)屬于(yu)(yu)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)，析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)反(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)為硫酸(suan)和硫酸(suan)鹽，主要用于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)解冶金(jin)(jin)。這種陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)存在電(dian)(dian)解過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)幾何(he)尺寸會(hui)有(you)所變化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷。，在電(dian)(dian)解過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)基體(ti)(ti)(ti)首(shou)先轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，然后再轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)為氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)，它是(shi)絕(jue)緣體(ti)(ti)(ti)，起(qi)著化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)阻(zu)擋層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)作用，可以在硫酸(suan)環境中(zhong)(zhong)保護內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)基體(ti)(ti)(ti)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)在外(wai)(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)實際意義上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，上(shang)面發生(sheng)(sheng)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)反(fan)應(ying)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)析(xi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)位很高，并且隨著電(dian)(dian)流密度的(de)(de)(de)增加迅(xun)速上(shang)升，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)(jin)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)這種特征(zheng)是(shi)由它外(wai)(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)固有(you)特點—氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)良(liang)導體(ti)(ti)(ti)所決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de)。此外(wai)(wai)，在電(dian)(dian)解過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)結構的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)性能不(bu)斷衰(shuai)減，其(qi)內(nei)部應(ying)力的(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)導致(zhi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)脫(tuo)落，另外(wai)(wai)，過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)也(ye)導致(zhi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)斷溶解，作為中(zhong)(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)再次被轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)為氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，成(cheng)(cheng)為新的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)活性物(wu)(wu)(wu)質，內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)基體(ti)(ti)(ti)又被氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)，形成(cheng)(cheng)新的(de)(de)(de)硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)間保護層(ceng)(ceng)。因此，在電(dian)(dian)解過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)及(ji)其(qi)合金(jin)(jin)元素不(bu)斷溶解到(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)里(li)并沉淀(dian)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)溶液(ye)(ye)污(wu)(wu)染(溶液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)(xue)沉淀(dian))和陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)產物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染(陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)表面的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)(wu)電(dian)(dian)沉積(ji)，電(dian)(dian)解到(dao)(dao)銅的(de)(de)(de)純度不(bu)能很好的(de)(de)(de)得(de)到(dao)(dao)保證)。

　　1、什么是鈦陽極？ 鈦(tai)陽極(ji)(ji)就是(shi)鈦(tai)基金(jin)屬氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物涂層(ceng)中的(de)陽極(ji)(ji)。根(gen)據其表(biao)面催化(hua)(hua)(hua)涂層(ceng)不同分別具(ju)有(you)析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)功(gong)能、析(xi)(xi)氯(lv)功(gong)能。一般(ban)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材料(liao)要(yao)(yao)具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)，極(ji)(ji)距(ju)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)小，耐(nai)腐蝕性(xing)(xing)強，機械強度和加(jia)工性(xing)(xing)能好(hao)(hao)(hao)，壽命長，費(fei)用低，對電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)反應(ying)具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)能，目前鈦(tai)是(shi)Z能滿足以上綜合要(yao)(yao)求的(de)金(jin)屬，一般(ban)采用工業純鈦(tai)TA1\TA2 鈦(tai)陽極(ji)(ji)上的(de)金(jin)屬氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物涂層(ceng)的(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)：電(dian)(dian)阻率低，具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)（鈦(tai)本(ben)身導電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)能不好(hao)(hao)(hao)），貴金(jin)屬涂層(ceng)的(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學組成穩定，晶體結構穩定，電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)尺寸穩定，耐(nai)蝕性(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)(hao)，壽命長，具(ju)有(you)良好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)性(xing)(xing)能，有(you)利于降低析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)、析(xi)(xi)氯(lv)反應(ying)的(de)過電(dian)(dian)位，節約電(dian)(dian)能。

　　2、冶金(jin)(jin)工業(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)分可溶(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)和不溶(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)。 可溶(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)在電(dian)解過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)起補充金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)離子和導(dao)電(dian)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，不溶(rong)(rong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)只(zhi)起導(dao)電(dian)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。Z早的(de)(de)不溶(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)是石墨(mo)和鉛(qian)系(xi)(xi)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)上世紀70年代鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)為新技術開始(shi)應用(yong)在電(dian)解和電(dian)鍍(du)(du)行(xing)業(ye)。目前不溶(rong)(rong)性陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)可分為兩大類(lei)：析(xi)(xi)氯(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)和析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)。析(xi)(xi)氯(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)主要用(yong)于(yu)氯(lv)化物電(dian)解液(ye)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)，電(dian)鍍(du)(du)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)有(you)釋(shi)放(fang)出來，因此稱為析(xi)(xi)氯(lv)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)；析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)主要用(yong)于(yu)硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)、硝酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)、氫氰(qing)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)(yan)等電(dian)解液(ye)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)，電(dian)鍍(du)(du)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)有(you)氧(yang)氣釋(shi)放(fang)出來，因此稱為析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)。鉛(qian)合金(jin)(jin)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)，鈦陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)根據其表面催化涂(tu)層不同分別具有(you)析(xi)(xi)氧(yang)、析(xi)(xi)氯(lv)功能或二(er)者功效兼有(you)。         

        3、鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)及鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)  鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)屬于(yu)析氧(yang)(yang)(yang)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，析氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反應(ying)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)為(wei)硫(liu)酸和硫(liu)酸鹽，主要用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)冶金(jin)。這(zhe)種陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)存在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中(zhong)幾何(he)尺寸會有所變化(hua)(hua)的(de)缺陷(xian)。，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)基體(ti)首先(xian)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)成硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，然后再轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)一(yi)個中(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)，它是(shi)絕(jue)緣體(ti)，起著(zhu)化(hua)(hua)學阻擋層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)作用(yong)，可(ke)以在硫(liu)酸環境中(zhong)保護(hu)(hu)內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)基體(ti)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)在外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)實際意義上(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，上(shang)面發(fa)生(sheng)析氧(yang)(yang)(yang)反應(ying)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)析氧(yang)(yang)(yang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位很高，并且隨著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度的(de)增加迅(xun)速上(shang)升(sheng)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)合金(jin)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)這(zhe)種特(te)征是(shi)由它外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)物(wu)質(zhi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)固有特(te)點—氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)不(bu)良導(dao)體(ti)所決定的(de)。此外(wai)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)陽(yang)(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結構的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學性能不(bu)斷(duan)衰(shuai)減，其(qi)內(nei)部應(ying)力的(de)產(chan)生(sheng)導(dao)致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)層(ceng)(ceng)脫落，另外(wai)，過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)生(sheng)成也導(dao)致氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)不(bu)斷(duan)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)，作為(wei)中(zhong)間層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)再次被(bei)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，成為(wei)新的(de)外(wai)層(ceng)(ceng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)催化(hua)(hua)活(huo)性物(wu)質(zhi)，內(nei)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)基體(ti)又被(bei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)，形成新的(de)硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)間保護(hu)(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)。因此，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)過(guo)程中(zhong)，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)及其(qi)合金(jin)元素不(bu)斷(duan)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)里(li)并沉(chen)淀(dian)造成溶(rong)液(ye)污(wu)染(ran)（溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)化(hua)(hua)學沉(chen)淀(dian)）和陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)物(wu)的(de)污(wu)染(ran)（陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)表面的(de)污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)沉(chen)積(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)到(dao)銅的(de)純(chun)度不(bu)能很好的(de)得(de)到(dao)保證）。